What is inside
- City of Canton v. Harris (1989): the deliberate indifference standard that every failure-to-train claim is measured against.
- Popow v. City of Margate (1979): why training has to match the conditions officers actually work in, not just the static range.
- Zuchel v. City and County of Denver (1993): the verdict that made shoot/don't-shoot judgment training a documentation issue.
- Voutour v. Vitale (1985) and Connick v. Thompson (2011): what a pattern of violations looks like, and what a single incident does not prove.
- For each case: the holding in one sentence, and the record your training file needs to hold to answer it.
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